Commercial shipping causes significant pollution, accounting for about 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, or roughly a billion tonnes of CO2-equivalent annually. Heavy fuel oil combustion emits sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and black carbon, worsening coastal air quality and causing respiratory illness. Ships release millions of gallons of oily bilge water that spreads invasive species, along with fuel from accidental spills into marine habitats. While between 46% and 72% of cruise ships utilize electric shore power, the technology…

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